Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major public health challenge in the UK, affecting approximately 1.2 million people. COPD exacerbations are the leading cause of emergency hospital visits, making up one in eight hospital admissions nationwide. Early detection plays a crucial role in managing the condition and enhancing quality of life. This article will explain how to assess yourself for COPD and keep track of your lung health.

Understanding COPD

COPD is a broad term that includes two main conditions, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is characterised by airflow obstruction that makes it difficult to breathe. This obstruction is typically progressive and worsens over time. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation of the airways, leading to increased mucus production and a persistent cough. Emphysema is characterised by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, which reduces the surface area for gas exchange and makes it harder to get enough oxygen. 

COPD significantly affects quality of life by causing breathlessness, fatigue, and limiting the ability to perform daily activities. Early recognition of symptoms and risk factors can help to slow its progression and improve long-term outcomes.

How to recognise COPD symptoms?

Symptoms of COPD often develop slowly and are sometimes mistaken for normal ageing or other respiratory conditions. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent cough: A chronic cough that lasts for weeks or months and often produces sputum (mucus).
• Sputum changes: Increased production of mucus, which may change in colour or consistency during infections.
• Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing during physical activities, which worsens over time.
• Wheezing: A whistling or squeaky sound while breathing.
• Frequent respiratory infections: Recurrent colds or chest infections that take longer to recover.
• Fatigue: Constant tiredness, often linked to reduced oxygen levels.

If you experience these symptoms regularly, it is important to track their progression and consider seeking medical advice.

Common risk factors for COPD

Understanding the risk factors for COPD can help you evaluate your likelihood of developing the condition. Major contributors include:

• Smoking: This is the most significant risk factor, accounting for around 90% of COPD cases. Long-term smoking damages the lungs, reducing their ability to function properly.
• Air pollution: Prolonged exposure to environmental pollutants, including indoor smoke from burning wood or coal.
• Occupational hazards: Working in environments with dust, fumes, or chemicals can increase the risk of developing COPD.
• Genetics: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a hereditary condition that makes some individuals more susceptible to COPD.
• Childhood respiratory infections: A history of severe respiratory infections during childhood can predispose you to COPD.

By identifying these risk factors, you can take preventive measures and remain vigilant about symptoms.

At-home screening for COPD

While professional medical tests are the gold standard for diagnosing COPD, you can perform initial assessments at home to determine if you need further evaluation.

Symptom diary: Recognising the symptoms of COPD begins with tracking your daily experiences. Keeping a symptom diary is an effective way to monitor the frequency and severity of the disease. It provides valuable information to share with your healthcare provider for a more accurate assessment.

Self-assessment tools: Self-assessment tools can also help in understanding the potential risk and severity of COPD. Standardised questionnaires like the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnoea Scale are designed to measure symptom severity and their impact on daily life. While these tools can give preliminary insight, they should not replace a professional medical evaluation for an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.

Practical tests to try at home

Several simple tests can be performed at home to monitor lung health and detect early signs of COPD. These tests can help you track your symptoms and provide valuable information for your healthcare provider.

Peak flow test 

The peak flow test measures the maximum speed of exhalation, indicating how well your lungs are functioning. It is a simple and effective tool for monitoring airflow and detecting potential obstructions. To perform the test, use a peak flow meter and follow these steps:

1. Stand or sit upright to ensure accurate results.
2. Take a deep breath, place the mouthpiece in your mouth, and seal it with your lips.
3. Blow out into the device as hard and fast as possible.
4. Record the reading displayed on the meter.
5. Repeat the test three times and note the highest value.

After completing the test, compare your readings to the normal values for your age, gender, and height. If your readings are consistently lower than expected, this may indicate airflow obstruction and highlight the need for further medical evaluation.

Six-minute walk test 

This test measures your endurance and breathlessness. It can performed by following these simple steps:

1. Find a flat, straight path, like a hallway or outdoor walkway.
2. Walk at a comfortable pace for six minutes, observe any breathlessness, and stop if required.
3. Record the distance covered and any symptoms experienced.

If you feel significantly breathless or can’t complete the test, consult a healthcare provider.

Portable spirometry

The handheld spirometer has high validity. The device typically requires the user to take a deep breath and exhale forcefully into the mouthpiece, providing readings on parameters such as forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Handheld spirometers offer a convenient and efficient way to track lung health at home. However, only a trained professional can confirm the diagnosis.

When to seek medical attention?

Certain symptoms warrant immediate medical evaluation. These include:

• Breathlessness 
• Inability to perform daily tasks
• Chest pain or tightness
• Frequent exacerbations 
• Significant weight loss 

If you notice any of these signs, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider as soon as possible. During your evaluation, your doctor may recommend tests such as spirometry to assess lung function, chest X-ray or CT scan to detect lung damage, and arterial blood gas analysis to measure oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Early consultation with a pulmonologist can confirm the diagnosis, lead to timely treatment and improve long-term health outcomes.

Prevention and management tips

Even if you’re diagnosed with COPD, certain measures can help to manage the condition and improve your quality of life.

• Quit smoking: Quitting smoking is one of the most significant steps you can take to improve lung health and prevent further damage. Seek professional help or use nicotine replacement therapies to stop smoking.
• Avoid pollutants: Use air purifiers, avoid exposure to secondhand smoke, and wear masks in polluted environments.
• Maintain a healthy diet: A balanced diet rich in antioxidants can support overall lung health.
• Exercise regularly: Exercise plays a crucial role in managing COPD by improving lung capacity, enhancing muscle strength, and reducing breathlessness.
• Medications: Use prescribed inhalers and medications as directed by your doctor.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation: Participate in supervised programs that combine exercise, education, and support.

Testing yourself for COPD is essential to understand your lung health. By recognising symptoms, identifying risk factors, and using practical tools like peak flow meters or self-assessment questionnaires, you can take proactive measures. However, self-testing is not a replacement for professional diagnosis and care. If you suspect COPD, consult a healthcare provider promptly to confirm the diagnosis and begin an appropriate treatment plan. Early detection and intervention can significantly improve outcomes, allowing you to live a healthier, more active life. 

As a sleep and respiratory medicine specialist with expertise in COPD and other breathing disorders, I offer consultations to diagnose and manage respiratory conditions. If you have any questions about COPD or want more information on available treatment options, contact us for personalised care and guidance.